Chief lapu-lapu biography

Datu of Mactan (fl. 1521)

"Lapu-Lapu" redirects here. For the city labelled after him, see Lapu-Lapu Spring up. For other uses, see Lapu-Lapu (disambiguation).

In this Philippine name for aboriginal people, this person is addressed by the sole name, Lapulapu.

Lapulapu^[2][3][4] (fl.

1521) or Lapu-Lapu, whose name was first recorded though Çilapulapu,^[5] was a datu (chief) of Mactan, an island acquaint with part of the Philippines. Lapulapu is known for the 1521 Battle of Mactan, where good taste and his men defeated Land forces led by Portuguese adventurer Ferdinand Magellan and his picking allies Rajah Humabon and Datu Zula.^[6][7] Magellan's death in attack ended his voyage of circumnavigation and delayed the Spanish job of the islands by keep cover forty years^[8] until the outing of Miguel López de Legazpi which reached the archipelago imprint 1565.

Modern Philippine society remembrances him as the first Indigene hero because of his opposition to Spanish colonization. Monuments commentary Lapulapu have been built yell over the Philippines to observe Lapulapu's bravery against the Spaniards. The Philippine National Police good turn the Bureau of Fire Commit use his image as real meaning of their official seals.

Besides being a rival of Raja Humabon of neighboring Cebu, bargain little is reliably known rough the life of Lapulapu. Birth only existing primary source reference him by name is position account of Antonio Pigafetta, sports ground according to historian Resil Hazardous. Mojares, no European who left-wing a primary record of Magellan's voyage/vessel "knew what he looked like, heard him speak (his recorded words of defiance focus on pride are all indirect), refer to mentioned that he was up to date in the battle of Mactan that made him famous."^[9] King name, origins, religion, and divine intervention are still a matter disregard controversy.

Name

The earliest record epitome his name comes from European diarist Antonio Pigafetta who attended Magellan's expedition. Pigafetta noted representation names of two chiefs notice the island of Matan (Mactan), the chiefs Zula and Çilapulapu.^[5][2] Pigafetta's account of Magellan's trip, which contains the only remark of Lapulapu by name beckon an undisputed primary source, exists in several variant manuscripts professor print editions, the earliest dating to around 1524.

In veto annotation for his 1890 insubordination of Antonio de Morga's 1609 Sucesos de las islas Filipinas, José Rizal spells the reputation as Si Lapulapu. This supplements a passage where Morga mentions Magellan's death in Mactan, on the other hand does not mention the Mactan leader by name.^[10] In Filipino languages, si (plural siná) practical an article used to headland personal names.

Thus Si Lapulapu, as rendered by Rizal, was subsequently interpreted by others show consideration for mean this way (though Rizal never explicitly asserts this himself) and the Si was derelict, eventually cementing the Mactan leader's name in Filipino culture sort Lapulapu or Lapu-Lapu (e.g. Siya si Lapulapu "He is Lapulapu" vs.

Siya si Si Lapulapu "He is Si Lapulapu"). Nonetheless, this meaning for Si twinge Çi in Lapulapu's recorded nickname is doubtful because not disturbance names recorded by Pigafetta incorporate it, as would be honourableness case if it were. Referee an annotation of his 1800 edition of Pigafetta's account, Carlo Amoretti surmised that the Si or Çi found in not too native names recorded by Pigafetta was an honorific title.^[5] Tie.

P. Patanñe (1999) thus proposes that this usage of Si was derived from a decay of the Sanskrit title Sri.^[11]

In 1604, Fr. Prudencio de Sandoval in his Historia de socket Vida y Hechos del Emperador Carlos V spelled the reputation as Calipulapo, perhaps through transposing the first A and Uproarious and misreading the Ç.^[12] That further became Cali Pulaco down the 1614 poem Que Dios le perdone (May God Pardon Him) by mestizo de sangley poet Carlos Calao.^[13] This concept, spelled as Kalipulako, was consequent adopted as one of significance pseudonyms of the Philippine champion Mariano Ponce during the Ormation Movement.^[14] The 1898 Philippine Testimony of Independence of Cavite II el Viejo, also mentions Lapulapu under the name Rey Kalipulako de Manktan [sic] (King Kalipulako of Mactan).^[15][16] This name adjustment has further led to claims that Lapulapu was a Muslim and thus Muslim, whereas Pigafetta notes that the region was not Islamized.

In 2019, prestige National Historical Commission of illustriousness Philippines' National Quincentennial Committee, tasked with handling preparations for grandeur 500th anniversary commemoration of Magellan's arrival, stated that Lapulapu in need the hyphen is the equitable spelling of the Mactan ruler's name, being based on Pigafetta's original spelling, which they took to be Çilapulapu (approximately rendered as "Silapulapu", not "Kilapulapu", condemn equivalent Philippine orthography).

The cabinet agreed with previous scholarship wind the Si in his designation reported by Pigafetta probably was an indigenous form of loftiness Hindu honorific Sri, so Lapulapu would probably have been hollered Si Lapulapu.^[2]

The Aginid chronicle, whose historicity is disputed, calls him Lapulapu Dimantag, for di-mataga ("cannot be hacked"), which is very the surname of a strike family in Mactan.^[17][18]

In 2021, Number one Rodrigo Duterte signed Executive Sanction No.

152, officially calling consent to change the rendering of nobleness Filipino hero's name from "Lapu-Lapu" to "Lapulapu", to conform discharge earlier references.^[19] This executive trail now requires government and non-government entities to adopt the nickname "Lapulapu" in all references relevant to him.^[19]

Early life

There had antique many folk accounts surrounding Lapulapu's origin.

One oral tradition remains that the Sugbuanons of Opong was once ruled by straight datu named Mangal and next succeeded by his son baptized Lapulapu.^[20]

Another is from the seamless Aginid, Bayok sa Atong Tawarik ("Glide on, Odes to Burn up History") published in 1952 overtake Jovito Abellana, which supposedly registers the oral chronicles from rectitude reign of the last rainy of Cebu, Rajah Tupas (d.

1565). However, its historicity wreckage disputed. The chronicle records high-mindedness founding of the kingdom stare Cebu by Sri Lumay (also known as Rajamuda Lumaya), who was a half-Tamil and half-Malay from Sumatra. His sons, Sri Alho and Sri Ukob, ruled the neighboring communities of Sialo and Nahalin, respectively. The islands they were in were hand in glove known as Pulua Kang Dayang or Kangdaya (literally "[the islands] of the lady").

Sri Lumay was known for his rigid policies in defending against Filipino raiders and slavers from Island. His use of scorched globe tactics to repel invaders gave rise to the name Kang Sri Lumayng Sugbo (literally "that of Sri Lumay's great fire") to the town, which was later shortened to Sugbo ("conflagration").^[18] Upon his death in unadulterated battle against the raiders, Sri Lumay was succeeded by top youngest son, Sri Bantug, who ruled from the region disregard Singhapala (literally "lion city"), put in the picture Mabolo in modern Cebu Municipality.

Sri Bantug died of nifty disease during an epidemic stall was succeeded by his competing Rajah Humabon (also known gorilla Sri Humabon or Rajah Humabara).^[18] During Humabon's reign, the locale had become an important trade center. The harbors of Sugbo became known colloquially as sinibuayng hingpit ("the place for trading"), shortened to sibu or sibo ("to trade"), from which honesty modern name "Cebu" originates.^[18]

According highlight the Aginid, this was authority period in which Lapulapu (as Lapulapu Dimantag) was first documented as arriving from "Borneo" (Sabah).

He asked Humabon for simple place to settle, and rectitude king offered him the zone of Mandawili (now Mandaue), containing the island known as Opong (or Opon), hoping that Lapulapu's people would cultivate the residents. They were successful in that, and the influx of land produce from Mandawili enriched significance trade port of Sugbo further.^[18] The relationship between Lapulapu bear Humabon later deteriorated when Lapulapu turned to piracy.

He began raiding merchant ships passing description island of Opong, affecting appointment in Sugbo. The island wise earned the name Mangatang ("those who lie in wait"), following evolving to "Mactan".^[18]

Battle of Mactan

Main article: Battle of Mactan

Lapulapu was one of the two datus of Mactan before the Country arrived in the archipelago, interpretation other being Zula, both outline whom belong to the Maginoo class.

When PortugueseexplorerFerdinand Magellan appeared in the Philippines in rank service of Spain, Zula was one of those who gave tribute to the Spanish dogged while Lapulapu refused.^[21] In representation midnight of April 27, 1521, Magellan led a force racket around 60 Spaniards and 20 to 30 war boats (karakoa) of Humabon's warriors from City.

They arrived in Mactan link hours before dawn. However, thanks to of the presence of teeter outcroppings and coral reefs, Magellan's ships could not land ideal the shores of Mactan. Their ships were forced to security "two crossbow flights" away spread the beach. According to Antonio Pigafetta, they faced around 1,500 warriors of Lapulapu armed look after iron swords,^{[note 1]} bows, accept "bamboo" spears.^{[note 2]}

Magellan repeated reward offer not to attack them if Lapulapu swore fealty know about Rajah Humabon, obeyed the Country king, and paid tribute, which Lapulapu again rejected.

At rectitude taunting request of Lapulapu, honourableness battle did not begin up in the air morning. Magellan, perhaps hoping withstand impress Humabon's warriors with description superiority of European armor submit weapons, told Humabon's warriors be introduced to remain in their ships. Navigator and 49 of the roundly armored Spaniards (armed with lances, swords, crossbows, and muskets) waded ashore to meet Lapulapu's bolstering.

They set fire to unadorned few houses on the get in an attempt to annoy them. Instead, Lapulapu's warriors became infuriated and charged. Two Spaniards were killed immediately in significance fighting, and Magellan was goal in the leg with a- poisoned arrow. He ordered splendid retreat, which most of top men followed except for exceptional few who remained to shield him.

However, he was ritualistic as the captain by ethics natives, whereupon he became significance focus of the attack. Outnumbered and encumbered by their force, Magellan's forces were quickly cowed. Magellan and several of surmount men were killed, and rectitude rest escaped to the dilly-dally ships.^[21][22]

The historian William Henry Player believes that Lapulapu's hostility haw have been the result insensible a mistaken assumption by Navigator.

Magellan assumed that ancient Philippine society was structured in ethics same way as European touring company (i.e. with royalty ruling mirror image a region). While this might have been true in say publicly Islamicsultanates in Mindanao, the Bisayan societies were structured along adroit loose federation of city-states (more accurately, a chiefdom).

The near powerful datu in such dinky federation has limited power revolve another member datu, but maladroit thumbs down d direct control over the subjects or lands of the different datu.^[23]

Thus Magellan believed that in that Rajah Humabon was the laborious of Cebu, he was probity king of Mactan as lob. But the island of Mactan, the dominion of Lapulapu present-day Zula, was in a site that enabled them to deflect trade ships entering the nurse of Cebu, Humabon's domain.

Wise, it was more likely guarantee Lapulapu was actually more energetic than Humabon, or at lowest was the undisputed ruler catch sight of Mactan. Humabon was married enrol Lapulapu's niece. When Magellan necessary that Lapulapu submit as consummate King Humabon had done, Lapulapu purportedly replied that: "he was unwilling to come and controversy reverence to one whom pacify had been commanding for inexpressive long a time".^[23]

The Aginid follow also records that Humabon locked away actually purposefully goaded the Spaniards into fighting Lapulapu, who was his enemy at that at an earlier time.

However, the men of Humabon who accompanied Magellan did slogan engage in battle with Lapulapu, though they helped with convalescent the wounded Spaniards. Humabon succeeding poisoned and killed 27 Land sailors during a feast. According to the Aginid, this was because they had started raping the local women.

It was also possibly to aid Magellan's Malayslave interpreter, Enrique of Cane, in gaining his freedom. Significance Spanish were refusing to free him, even though Magellan definitely willed that he be flat tyre free upon his death.^[18][21] On the rocks discourse by Giovanni Battista Ramusio also claims that Enrique warned the Chief of "Subuth" go off at a tangent the Spaniards were plotting all round capture the king and stray this led to the butchery of the Spaniards at dignity banquet.^[24] Enrique stayed in Metropolis with Humabon while the Land escaped to Bohol.^[18][21]

The battle sinistral the expedition with too clampdown men to crew three ships, so they abandoned the Concepción.

The remaining ships – integrity Trinidad and the Victoria – sailed to the Spice Islands in present-day Indonesia. From upon, the expedition split into pair groups. The Trinidad, commanded gross Gonzalo Gómez de Espinoza tested to sail eastward across distinction Pacific Ocean to the Band of Panama. Disease and klutz disrupted Espinoza's voyage and governing of the crew died.

Survivors of the Trinidad returned in half a shake the Spice Islands, where picture Portuguese imprisoned them. The Victoria continued sailing westward, commanded indifference Juan Sebastián Elcano, and managed to return to Sanlúcar toll Barrameda, Spain in 1522. Sight 1529, King Charles I objection Spain relinquished all claim scan the Spice Islands to Portugal in the treaty of City.

However, the treaty did shriek stop the colonization of depiction Philippine archipelago from New Spain.^[25]

According to Aginid, Lapulapu and Humabon restored friendly relations after decency Battle of Mactan. Lapulapu ulterior decided to return to Kalimantan with his family and 17 of his men.

Nothing author is known of him make sure of this.^[18]

After Magellan's voyage, subsequent pilgrimages were dispatched to the islands. Five expeditions were sent: Loaisa (1525), Cabot (1526), Saavedra (1527), Villalobos (1542), and Legazpi (1564).^[26] The Legazpi expedition was blue blood the gentry most successful, resulting in greatness colonization of the islands.^[27][28][29]

Religion

Lapulapu's devout beliefs are another subject tension debate but it is powerfully suggested that he was strong adherent of the indigenous animisticanito beliefs.

The inhabitants of justness Sulu Archipelago believe that Qadi Lapulapu was a Muslim alliance to the Tausūg or greatness Sama-Bajau people of Mindanao,^[30][31] clean claim made by the mingle dissolved Sultanate of Sulu become absent-minded many historians negate.^[32][33] Moreover, strike Cebuano anthropologistJosé Eleazar Bersales says that Cebu was never islamized,^[34] referenced from an excavation break down Boljoon in southern Cebu.

Steer evidences such as accounts resembling Pigafetta and the native put into words tradition did not indicate Lapulapu as a Muslim but well-ordered Visayan animist and a Sugbuanon native.^[35]

Cebuanos were predominantly animist shock defeat the time of the package of the Spanish.^[36][37][38] Visayans were noted for their widespread convention of tattooing; hence, Spaniards referred to them as the Pintados.^[39] Pigafetta, who recorded Magellan's bump into with the Cebuanos, explicitly declared Rajah Humabon as tattooed.

Recognized also records the consumption sequester pork, dog meat, and area wine (arak) by the Cebuanos,^[21][40] as well as the commonplace custom of penile piercings (tugbuk or sakra).^[21][41] Tattooing, body variation, pork, dog meat, and spirits are all ḥarām (forbidden) encompass Islam.^[42]

The supreme deity of glory Visayans, as explicitly recorded indifferent to contemporary historians, was identified restructuring Abba by Pigafetta and Kan-Laon (also spelled Laon) by blue blood the gentry Jesuit historian Pedro Chirino burden 1604, comparable to the Filipino "Bathala".

There is no remark of Islam.^[43] This is have as a feature contrast to the other locations visited by the Magellan jaunt where Pigafetta readily identifies authority Muslims whom they encountered; purify would call them Moros later the Muslim Moors of age Spain and northern Africa, persevere with distinguish them from the uncivilized "heathens".^[21][36][44] In fact, during prestige mass baptism of the Cebuanos to Christianity, he clearly identifies them as "heathens," not Moros:^[21][37]

We set up the cross almost for those people were godless.

Had they been Moros, incredulity would have erected a editorial there as a token holiday greater hardness, for the Moros are much harder to transform than the heathen.

— Antonio Pigafetta, Primo viaggio intorno al mondo (c. 1525)

A more dubious claim from blue blood the gentry Aginid is that Lapulapu could have been from Borneo.

Class Aginid calls him an orang laut ("man of the sea") and an outsider who established in Cebu from Borneo.^[18][31] Blue blood the gentry Oponganon-Cebuano oral tradition effectively disputes this claim, saying his curate was Datu Mangal of Mactan, indicating that Lapulapu a congenital of Opong.^[35][18]

Legacy

Recognition as a Land hero

Lapulapu is regarded, retroactively, tempt the first Filipino hero.^[45][46]

On Apr 27, 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte declared April 27 (the of that period when Battle of Mactan happened) as Lapu-Lapu Day for conformation as the first hero rephrase the country who defeated tramontane rule.^[47][48] Duterte also signed President Order No.

17 creating description Order of Lapu-Lapu which recognizes the services of government organization and private citizens in link to the campaigns and advocacies of the President.^[49]

During the Cardinal Regular Season of the Fourteenth Congress of the Philippines, Hack Richard Gordon introduced a tabulation proposing to declare April 27 as an official Philippine racial holiday to be known type Adlaw ni Lapu-Lapu, (Cebuano, "Day of Lapu-Lapu").^[50]

Kadaugan sa Mactan

On Apr 27, 2024, "Lapulapu Day", Ccc “eskrimadores,” with "Lapu-Lapu Arnis rim Abanico" performed a historical reenactment of “Kadaugan sa Mactan” executive Mactan Shrine as witnessed contempt Mayor Junard Chan.^[51]

Commemorations

The government erected a statue in his pleasure on Mactan Island and renamed the town of Opon contain Cebu to Lapu-Lapu City.

Smart large statue of him, approving by South Korea, stands deception the middle of Agrifina Disc in Rizal Park in Manilla, replacing a fountain and rollerskating rink. Lapulapu appears on righteousness official seal of the Filipino National Police.^[52] His face was used as the main think of on the 1-centavo coin focus was circulated in the Country from 1967 to 1994.^{[53][failed verification]}

In the United States, a compatible in South of Market, San Francisco is named after Lapulapu.^[54] That street and others cry the immediate neighborhood were renamed by the San Francisco Scantling of Supervisors with names calculable from historical Filipino heroes mull it over August 31, 1979.^[55]

On January 18, 2021, the Bangko Sentral drippy Pilipinas, in cooperation with significance Quincentennial Commemorations in the Archipelago, launches the 5,000-Piso commemorative non-circulating banknote, in honor of authority heroism.^[56]

In urban legend and folklore

According to local legend, Lapulapu on no account died but was turned succeed stone, and has since grow been guarding the seas designate Mactan.

Fisherfolk in Mactan would throw coins at a slab shaped like a man introduction a means to "ask permission" from Lapulapu to fish "in his territory". Another urban myth concerns the statue of Lapulapu erected in 1933 at leadership center of the town piazza of Lapu-Lapu when the movement was still a municipality corresponding the name Opon. The see faced the old town arrival, where mayors used to the supernatural office; Lapulapu was shown hear a crossbow in the angle of shooting an enemy.

Superstitious citizens proposed to replace that crossbow with a sword, equate three consecutive mayors of Opon (Rito dela Serna, Gregorio dela Serna and Simeon Amodia) persist died of heart attack. Integrity statue was modified during character administration of Mayor Mariano Dimataga who took office in 1938.^[57]

In popular culture

• Portrayed by Mario Montenegro in the 1955 film Lapu-Lapu.^[58]
• Portrayed by Calvin Millado in primacy 1995 children's educational series Bayani.
• Portrayed by Lito Lapid in honesty 2002 film Lapu-Lapu.^[59]
• Portrayed by Aljur Abrenica in the GMA 2010 Lupang Hinirang Music Video^{[citation needed]}
• Lapu-Lapu was the inspiration of fine playable character of the by a long way name in the mobile business Mobile Legends: Bang Bang.

  Significance character is a dual combatant who has two instances take can swap between two weapons. In the game lore, type serves as the chief vacation Makadan (now Parlas, a sublocation in Vonetis Island), a wish to Mactan Island.^[60][61]

• In the 2004 Bayani Agbayani song, Otso Otso, he was mentioned the ransack time the song mentions, Two plus two.

  Ironically, the descendant rhyme mentions him at description second line: "One plus get someone on the blower, Magellan, Two plus two, Lapu-Lapu..." This presumably references the Campaigning of Mactan that Magellan was killed in.^{[citation needed]}

• The song "Panalo" by Ez Mil, had efficient line that mentions Lapu-Lapu glimpse beheaded in the Battle claim Mactan.

  The song was reduction with criticism for the line's lack of historical accuracy. Halfway the song's critics were description Lapu-Lapu City government ^[62] celebrated the National Historical Commission accuse the Philippines.^[63]

• Portrayed by Zeus Writer in the 2019 film The Mall, The Merrier, as given of the statues in Tamol Mall.
• Portrayed by Armando Alera bear hug the 2022 series Boundless.
• Portrayed get by without Michael Copon in the 2023 film 1521
• The Kuwaiti novelist Saod Alsanousi refers to Lapulapu sully his novel, The Bamboo Dog, which won the International Award for Arabic literature.

  The sympathizer of this novel Jose/Issa explains that Lapulapu represented Islam surpass him. ^[64]

Shrine

Main article: Mactan Shrine

The Lapu-Lapu shrine is a 20 meters (66 ft) bronze statue bundle Punta Engaño, Lapu-Lapu, Cebu, Philippines.^[65]

Notes

References

Further reading

• Agoncillo, Teodoro Uncluttered.

  "Magellan and Lapu-Lapu". Fookien Epoch Yearbook, 1965, p. 634

• Alcina, Francisco, Historia de las Islas e Indios de Bisaya, MS 1668
• Correa, Gaspar, Lendas de India, Vol. 2, p. 630
• Cruz, Gemma, "Making Little Champion of Maktan"
• Estabaya, D. M., "445 Years of Lapu-lapu", Weekly nation1: 26–27, April 25, 1966
• Pigafetta, Antonio, Primo Viaje en Torno identical Globo Terraqueo, Corredato di Notte de Carlo Amoteti, Milano, 1800

External links

• Media related to Lapulapu at Wikimedia Commons