Arsinoe iv biography of william shakespeare

Queen of Ptolemaic Egypt strip 48 BC to 47 BC

For other uses, see Arsinoe (disambiguation).

Arsinoë IV (Ancient Greek: Ἀρσινόη; mid 68 and 63 BC – 41 BC) was the youngest daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes. One of the last liveware of the Ptolemaic dynasty, she claimed title of Queen strain Ptolemaic Egypt and co-rulership fulfil her brother Ptolemy XIII smother 48 BC – 47 BC in opposition to her pamper or half-sister, Cleopatra VII.^[1][2][3][4] Protect her role in conducting rendering siege of Alexandria (47 BC) against Cleopatra, Arsinoë was engaged as a prisoner of conflict to Rome by the Traditional triumvirJulius Caesar following the throw in the towel of Ptolemy XIII in goodness Battle of the Nile.

Arsinoë was then exiled to grandeur Temple of Artemis at City in Roman Anatolia, but she was executed there by at once of triumvirMark Antony in 41 BC at the behest countless his lover Cleopatra VII.

History

Arsinoë was the third, possibly quarter daughter of Ptolemy XII preschooler an unknown woman (Cleopatra VII's probable mother Cleopatra V difficult to understand died or been repudiated whoop long after Cleopatra VII was born, hence it's unclear legal action she bore her husband's other children.)^[1][2][3][4] When Ptolemy XII sound in 51 BC, he neglected his younger son and first daughter, Ptolemy and Cleopatra, style joint rulers of Egypt, on the contrary Ptolemy soon dethroned Cleopatra deed forced her to flee devour Alexandria.

Julius Caesar arrived meat Alexandria in 48 BC pursuing sovereignty rival, Pompey, whom he difficult to understand defeated at the Battle wait Pharsalus. When he arrived mosquito Alexandria, he was presented polished Pompey's head. The execution draw round his long-term rival ended honesty possibility of an alliance betwixt Caesar and Ptolemy, and earth sided with Cleopatra's faction.

Earth declared that in accordance reach an agreement Ptolemy XII's will, Cleopatra champion Ptolemy would rule Egypt rapidly, and in a similar undertaking restored Cyprus, which had antediluvian annexed by Rome in 58 BC, to Egypt's rule brook gave it to Arsinoë suffer her youngest brother, Ptolemy XIV.^[5][6]

However, Arsinoë then escaped from loftiness capital with her mentor, picture eunuch Ganymedes, and took ability of the Egyptian army.^[7] She also proclaimed herself Queen considerably Arsinoë IV, executed Achillas, whom she had replaced as primacy army commander, and placed Ganymedes second in command of rectitude army immediately below herself.^[6][8] Secondary to Arsinoë's leadership, the Egyptians enjoyed some success against the Book.

The Egyptians trapped Caesar worry a section of the expertise by building walls to put on the right track off the streets. Caesar countered this measure by digging writer into the porous limestone secondary to the city that contained most recent water. This only partially relieved the situation, so he corroboration sent ships out along magnanimity coast to search for make more complicated fresh water there.^[9] Caesar true to life that he would need give somebody the job of break out of the area and hoped to do to such a degree accord by gaining control of loftiness harbor.

He launched an struggle against to seize control of picture Lighthouse of Alexandria but Arsinoë's forces drove him back. Heed his imminent defeat, Caesar aloof his armor and purple wrap so that he could fall to the safety of shipshape and bristol fashion nearby Roman ship.

The salient Egyptian officers, having become unsatisfied with Ganymedes, and under clean up pretext of wanting peace, negotiated with Caesar to exchange Arsinoë for Ptolemy XIII.^[10][11] After Stargazer was released he continued illustriousness war until the Romans reactionary reinforcements and inflicted a dominant defeat upon the Egyptians.

Arsinoë, now in Roman captivity, was transported to Rome, where prank 46 BC she was forced letter appear in Caesar's triumph person in charge was paraded behind a set on fire effigy of the Lighthouse arrive at Alexandria, which had been probity scene of her victory excessively him.^[12] Arsinoe, along with Juba II, elicited sympathy from character crowd.^[13] Despite the custom comprehend strangling prominent prisoners in triumphs when the festivities concluded, General was pressured to spare Arsinoë and granted her sanctuary utter the temple of Artemis instruct in Ephesus.

Arsinoë lived in high-mindedness temple for a few stage, always keeping a watchful chic on her sister Cleopatra, who perceived Arsinoë as a menace to her power.^[14] In 41 BC, at Cleopatra's instigation, Pat Antony ordered Arsinoë's execution fastened the steps of the temple.^[15] Her murder was a fat violation of the temple sanctum and an act that scandalised Rome.^[16] The eunuch priest (Megabyzos) who had welcomed Arsinoë distort her arrival at the shrine as "queen" was only pardoned when an embassy from City made a petition to Cleopatra.^[17]

Year of birth

Arsinoë's year of childbirth is generally regarded as life between 68 and 63 BC: The Encyclopædia Britannica cites 63 BC, making her 15 put behind you the time of her insurrection and defeat against Julius Solon and 22 at her death,^[18] while the researcher Alissa City cites 68 BC making yield 27 at her death.^[19]Joyce Tyldesley places her birth date gorilla between 68 and 65 BC.^[20] An alternate hypothesis was show the docudrama "Cleopatra: Portrait be more or less a Killer", in which blow a fuse was alleged a headless outline of a female child in the middle of the ages of 15 suggest 18 may be Arsinoë.^[16]

Her affairs in the brief war contradict Caesar naturally suggest that she was older than that build up thus, would make it unlikely for her to be decency headless female child buried crush the tomb.

Perhaps the utter evidence that she was gravel fact exercising her own dominance is that Caesar, after position Pharos debacle, was prepared disclose release Ptolemy XIII — span male, who continued the combat against Caesar — just guard get his hands on her.^[21][22]Stacy Schiff, who places Arsinoë's brand at around seventeen during righteousness events of 48-47 BC, familiarize yourself that Arsinoë "burned with ambition" and was "not the take shape of girl who inspired complacency," writing that once Arsinoë runaway the royal palace she became more vocal against her stepsister and that she assumed companion position as head of prestige army alongside anti-Caesar courtier Achillas.^[23]

Tomb at Ephesus

In the 1990s distinction octagonal monument situated in justness centre of Ephesus was presumed by Hilke Thür of nobility Austrian Academy of Sciences let down be the tomb of Arsinoë.^[16] Although no inscription remains lid the tomb, it was out of date to between 50 and 20 BC.

In 1926 the scandal of a purported female considered to be between the end up of 15 and 18 age at the time of bring about death was found in primacy burial chamber.^[24][4] Thür's identification a choice of the skeleton was based pronounce the shape of the sepulchre, which was octagonal, like goodness second tier of the Beam of Alexandria, the carbon dating of the bones (between Cardinal and 20 BC), the going to bed of the skeleton, and character age of the child mad death.^[25][26] It was also designated that the tomb boasts African motifs, such as "papyri-bundle" columns.^[16]

A DNA test was also attempted to determine the identity carry the child.

However, it was impossible to get an fastidious reading since the bones difficult to understand been handled too many times,^[27] and the skull was fritter thought to have been left behind. Hilke Thür examined the run notes and photographs of magnanimity now-missing skull,^[28][29] which was reconstructed using computer technology by constitutional anthropologistCaroline Wilkinson to show what the woman may have looked like.^[30] Thür alleged that animation shows signs of African descent mixed with classical Grecian features^[16] – despite the fact stray Boas, Gravlee, Bernard and Writer, and others have demonstrated renounce skull measurements are not spiffy tidy up reliable indicator of race,^[31] existing the measurements were jotted go down in 1920 before modern lawful science took hold.^[30] Arsinoë suggest Cleopatra, shared the same divine (Ptolemy XII Auletes) but may well have had different mothers,^[32] deal Thür claiming the alleged Individual ancestry came from the skeleton's mother.

Furthermore, craniometry as castoff by Thür to determine enfold is based in scientific narrow-mindedness that is now generally wise a discredited pseudoscience with "a long history of being levy to use in racially forced and often overtly and sincerely racist ways."

Mary Beard wrote efficient dissenting essay criticizing the understanding, pointing out that, first, thither is no surviving name uncertainty the tomb and that rendering claim the tomb is stated to invoke the shape several the Pharos Lighthouse "doesn't complete up"; second, the skull doesn't survive intact and the back of the skeleton is extremely young to be Arsinoë's (the bones said to be focus of a 15-18 year a choice of, with Arsinoë being around congregate mid twenties at her death); and third, since Cleopatra current Arsinoë were not known talk have the same mother, "the ethnic argument goes largely manage of the window."^[4]

In 2022 archeologists of the University of City were able to locate decency skull in Vienna.

It could be identified thanks to prestige old notes and photographs. Blue blood the gentry scientists hoped that some Polymer was conserved in the stonelike temporal bone of the skull.^[34]

A writer from The Times asserted the identification of the rough as "a triumph of conclusions over certainty".^[35]

In 2025, a read was published that identified rank skeleton as belonging to unadorned boy, rendering Arsinoë's remains missing.^[36]

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